Data is put in packets with addressing and routing instructions embedded in each packet. The web layer determines essentially the most applicable route via a network for the packet to achieve its destination. Among the protocols in this layer are IP, Address Resolution Protocol and Internet Control Message Protocol. Sometimes referred to as the network interface layer, this layer specifies how gadgets hook up with a network and how bits are transmitted over the physical media being used. Connecting a number of star networks to a shared bus creates a tree topology. Networking, also referred to as laptop networking, is the practice of transporting and exchanging knowledge between nodes over a shared medium in an data system.
Interference can degrade the sign or cause the system to fail. A wi-fi advert hoc network, also called a wi-fi mesh network or mobile ad hoc network , is a wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology. Each node forwards messages on behalf of the opposite nodes and each node performs routing.